工业通风管道设计中常见问题
Common problems in industrial ventilation duct design
(1）通风系统划分问题。部分工厂出于私利或图方便，往往统一划分为一个系统，不仅不能达到很好的通风效果，还为工厂作业埋下了隐患。当工业区域面积较广，安置多个排送风点时，可设计统一连接的管理系统，将总台风机和多项排风点形成一个整体。而系统的划分则可以结合工业生产性质、流程、时间、运行参数，以及对空气、湿度、温度的需求等因素，相同或类似的可划分为一个系统进行统一管理，而两种易混合且混合后会产生更大毒害性的气体，或易引发火灾、爆炸的气体，就务必不能划分为一个系统，而应设计独立的通风系统[5]。
(1) Division of ventilation system. Some factories are often divided into one system for their own interests or convenience, which not only can not achieve good ventilation effect, but also bury hidden dangers for factory operation. When the industrial area is large and multiple exhaust and supply points are installed, a unified and connected management system can be designed to integrate the total fan and multiple exhaust points. The division of the system can combine the industrial production nature, process, time, operating parameters, and the demand for air, humidity, temperature and other factors. The same or similar can be divided into one system for unified management. However, the two gases that are easy to mix and will produce more toxic gases after mixing, or are easy to cause fire and explosion, must not be divided into one system, but should be designed as an independent ventilation system [5].
(2）通风管道选材与断面形状问题。管道的材料与断面形状是实现工业管道通风良好效益的根源所在，一旦选错材料或形状，不仅会对工业建筑结构的美观造成破坏，还会达不到通风的效果与目的，甚会因材料的不过关，在通风管道的使用阶段埋下隐患。一方面，要选择正确的管道材料。例如：在熔化炉周边，就要考虑到耐高温的属性，选择耐热耐磨性较高的合金钢。另一方面，选择适合的管道断面的形状也尤为关键。一般而言，圆形更适合具有高速流动要求的管道；而管道断面大时，选择矩形较为合适，对提高空间的利用率也有辅助作用。
(2) Material selection and section shape of ventilation duct. The material and section shape of the pipe are the root of realizing the good benefits of industrial pipe ventilation. Once the wrong material or shape is selected, it will not only damage the beauty of the industrial building structure, but also fail to achieve the ventilation effect and purpose, and even bury hidden dangers in the use stage of the ventilation pipe due to the poor material. On the one hand, it is necessary to select the correct pipe material. For example, alloy steel with high heat resistance and wear resistance should be selected around the melting furnace in consideration of its high temperature resistance. On the other hand, it is very important to choose the appropriate shape of pipe section. In general, circular is more suitable for pipes with high-speed flow requirements; When the pipeline section is large, it is more appropriate to select a rectangle, which also plays an auxiliary role in improving the utilization of space.
(3）通风管道的布局问题。通风管道的布局需要尽可能便捷，保持管道的顺直，同时还可以将用于调节和检测的设备安装到通风管道中，以便对通风管道的运行进行实时、系统的管理。此外，还需要根据实际的通风需求来进行设计，如当输送的气体中含有液体时，就可以将通风管道布局为斜坡状，进而达到积液的目的。
(3) Layout of ventilation ducts. The layout of the ventilation duct should be as convenient as possible to keep the duct smooth and straight. At the same time, the equipment used for adjustment and detection can be installed in the ventilation duct to facilitate real-time and systematic management of the operation of the ventilation duct. In addition, it also needs to be designed according to the actual ventilation demand. For example, when the transported gas contains liquid, the ventilation duct can be arranged in a slope shape to achieve the purpose of eliminating liquid accumulation.
(4）通风管道的温度平衡问题。通风管道的温度平衡问题方面是非常重要的一个环节，一旦设计不合理，就极容易造成管道因温度过高或过低，或是长期处于潮湿的环境中而造成管道破裂等问题发生。尤其是由于通风管道在运行过程中会带来热量、冷量、能量的大量消耗，因此对通风管道的控温结构就有着较高的要求，通常包含保温、防潮、保护层三层防护。保温层是管道的核心，防潮则是为了避免管道材料与水、水蒸气的接触，而保护层则是对保温层与防潮层加以保护，避免其损坏。
(4) Temperature balance of ventilation duct. The temperature balance of the ventilation pipe is a very important link. Once the design is unreasonable, it is very easy to cause the pipe rupture due to the high or low temperature, or the long-term humid environment. Especially, because the ventilation duct will bring a large amount of heat, cooling capacity and energy consumption during operation, there are high requirements for the temperature control structure of the ventilation duct, which usually includes three layers of protection: thermal insulation, moisture-proof and protective layer. The insulation layer is the core of the pipeline. The damp proof is to avoid the contact between the pipeline material and water and steam, while the protective layer is to protect the insulation layer and damp proof layer from damage.
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